Inevitably, while learning Chinese, you may encounter a lot of adjectives. In this article, let's run through some basics of how adjectives are used in Chinese.
在学习中文的时候,你不可避免地会遇到许多形容词。在本篇文章中,我们将介绍中文形容词的用法。
1. Noun + Qualifier + Adjective
名字+限定词+形容词
Very important: In Chinese, we do not commonly use "to be" (is/am/are) to connect nouns with adjectives. In English, we say something is [adjective]. But in Chinese, we say something very [adjective]. Let me explain with an example.
非常重要:中文里,名词和形容不需要系动词连接。英文中,我们用“某事+is+形容词”结构。但在中文里,则是用“某事+很+形容词”结构。我们将通过例句来向你展示其的用法。
In English:
英语:
You are smart [noun + "to be" + adjective]
You are smart(名词+be动词+形容词)
In Chinese:
中文:
nǐ hěn cōng mǐn.
你很聪敏。
Literally: You very smart (noun + qualifier + adjective)
字面翻译:You very smart(名词+限定词+形容词)
很 (hěn), or "very," can also be replaced by other qualifiers such as 真 (zhēn — really), 不 (bù — not), 挺 (tǐng — quite), or 非常 (fēi cháng — extremely).
很(hěn)可以换成其他的限定词,例如“真(zhēn)”,“不 (bù)”, “挺 (tǐng)”, 或者“非常(fēi cháng)”。
Examples:
例句:
tā fēi cháng guāi.
她非常乖。
She is extremely obedient.
wǒ tǐng lèi le.
我挺累了。
I'm quite tired already.
wǒ bà bà hěn hǎo.
我爸爸很好。
My dad's very good.
zhè gè dōng xī bù hǎo yòng.
这个东西不好用。
This thing's not useful.
This is the most common sentence structure when using adjectives in Chinese. Remember, use a qualifier like "very" to link nouns with adjectives.
这是中文里关于形容词的最常见的句法结构。切记,名词和形容词之间用“很”连接。
2. Noun + 是 + Adjective + 的
名词+是+形容词+的
Here, we bring back 是 (shì), or "to be". But don't get confused!
这里,我们要提到“是(shì)”,“是”的英文为“to be”。但是请不要感到迷惑!
This sentence pattern is used to emphasize a point.
这个句法结构起强调作用。
Examples:
例句:
zhè jiàn yī fú shì xīn de
这件衣服是新的。
This shirt is new.
Compare with:
比较:
zhè shì yī jiàn xīn yī fú.
这是一件新衣服。
This is a new shirt.
zhè tái shǒu jī shì huài de
这台手机是坏的。
This cell phone is broken.
Compare with:
比较:
zhè shì yī tái huài shǒu jī
这是一台坏手机。
This is a broken cell phone.
Normally, 的 is a possessive. When used in this sentence construction, following 是 and the adjective, it's like saying the noun "owns" this adjective, hence adding the emphasis.
正常情况下,“的”表示所有格。在这种句法结构中,“的”在“是”以及形容词之后。就像“名词”拥有这个形容词一样,因此起强调作用。
In this construction, you can again replace 是 with qualifiers like the ones discussed above. The structure (noun + qualifier + adjective + 的) also works, again giving affirmation to your point.
在这个结构中,可以将“是”换成以上提到的限定词。“名词+限定词+形容词+的”这一结构也是可行的,起强调作用。
Examples:
例句:
tā tǐng dǒng shì de
她挺懂事的。
She’s quite responsible.
zhè lǐ dōng xī hěn guì de.
这里东西很贵的。
Things here are very expensive.
3. Modifying Nouns: Include 的 with Multi-syllable Adjectives
修饰名词:的+多音节形容词
In Chinese, when using adjectives to modify nouns (e.g. pretty girl, fast car, expensive house), we put 的 after the adjective if the adjective is more than one syllable (that is, more than one character long).
中文里,用形容词修饰名词的时候,如果形容词是两个字以上,则需要在其后面加上“的”。
Examples:
例句
piào liàng de nǚ hái zǐ
漂亮的女孩子
pretty girls
chāo zhòng de xíng lǐ
超重的行李
overweight luggage
However, when the adjective is only one syllable or character, don't include 的.
但是,如果形容词只是一个汉字,则不需要加“的”
Examples:
例句:
yī gè hǎo nán rén
一个好男人
a good man
hóng wà zi
红袜子
red socks
The exception to this rule are compound nouns. Certain [multi-syllable adjective + noun] combinations are so common that they are treated as compound nouns, and therefore do not require 的 after the adjective.
但该规则不适用于复合名词。有些“多音节形容词+名词”结构极其常见,通常被看做是复合名词,因此形容词之后不需要加“的”。
Examples:
例句:
quán zhí mā mā
全职妈妈
full-time mom
míng pái bāo bāo
名牌包包
brand name handbag
quán zhī niú nǎi
全脂牛奶
whole milk
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